section (3:1–5:12). Paul immediately recalls fundamental points of †faith that the Galatians seem not to have fully grasped: Christ’s resurrection (1:1) and the passion and death by which he gave himself for our freedom (1:4). The Galatians are in the process of turning back to slavery (4:9; 5:1)! Like the earliest apostolic preaching, Paul presents the resurrection as the work of God the Father who raised Jesus.2 To refer to the passion, Paul combines two other early formulations from the gospel